What responsibility does the detection of fraud and plagiarism primarily rest upon?

The responsibility for the detection of fraud and plagiarism primarily rests with the author because they are the ones who create and submit the manuscript. An author is expected to ensure that their work is original and properly cited, taking full accountability for the integrity of the research and the submission process. This includes accurately representing the work of others, avoiding misrepresentation of data, and adhering to ethical guidelines in research and publication.

While the peer reviewers, journal editors, and publishing agencies play roles in upholding quality and integrity in publishing, their responsibilities often come after the submission process. Peer reviewers assess the quality and validity of the work based on the author's claims but are not the primary gatekeepers for detecting issues like plagiarism unless they specifically recognize it during their review. Editors may investigate concerns if something is flagged, but they rely on the honesty and thoroughness of authors when it comes to manuscript integrity. Thus, the onus fundamentally lies with the authors to present their work authentically and ethically.